Are these kernel images or U-Boot images?

Short answer: They’re both kernel images. The “u” in uImage is misleading — it refers to the format, not the contents. Let’s break it down properly.

The Two Files at a Glance

So when you see uImage in your boot partition, that’s the kernel U-Boot will load — not U-Boot.

What Is a zImage?

zImage is the compressed Linux kernel produced by the kernel build system. The “z” means compressed, and it’s a self-extracting image: the first few bytes contain a small decompression stub. When the CPU jumps to the start of a zImage, that stub runs, decompresses the real kernel into memory, and hands off control.

You get it by building the kernel:

make ARCH=arm zImage

No extra tooling required. The kernel build system produces it directly.

What Is a uImage?

A uImage is a zImage (or a raw Image) wrapped in a U-Boot-specific container format. It’s created by a tool called mkimage, which lives in the U-Boot source tree:

mkimage -A arm -O linux -T kernel -C none \
        -a 0x8000 -e 0x8000 \
        -n "Linux Kernel" \
        -d zImage uImage

That command prepends a 64-byte header containing metadata:

• OS type (Linux)
• CPU architecture (ARM, MIPS, etc.)
• Compression type
• Load address
• Entry point
• A name string and a CRC checksum

The header exists purely so the bootloader can parse the image before jumping into it.

The Key Insight: Strip the Header, Get a zImage

If you start executing a uImage at offset 64 — skipping the header — it behaves exactly like a zImage. That’s because it is a zImage underneath. The header adds no code, no compression, no functionality. It’s just metadata for the bootloader.

This is why the file sizes differ by exactly 64 bytes.

Why Do Both Exist?

The answer is bootloader history.

Legacy U-Boot → uImage

Older versions of U-Boot only supported the bootm command, which requires a valid uImage header. It needs to know where to load the kernel, what architecture it’s for, and where to jump. Without the header, bootm can’t do its job. If you’re stuck on an old bootloader, you must use a uImage.

Modern U-Boot → zImage

Newer U-Boot versions added the bootz command, which boots a zImage directly — no header needed. The bootloader figures out the rest. This is now the preferred path because:

• It removes the mkimage step from the build.
• It’s simpler and less error-prone.
• It’s the only option for ARM64 — the kernel build system no longer supports generating uImages for 64-bit ARM at all.

The Naming Confusion, Explained

Here’s why people get tripped up:

• mkimage is part of the U-Boot source tree.
• The uImage format is defined by U-Boot.
• So the header is “U-Boot’s header,” applied to a kernel.

That’s it. The “u” describes the container format, not the payload. The payload is always the Linux kernel.

A quick sanity check on any real uImage:

file uImage
# uImage, Linux kernel, ...

The file utility confirms it: kernel payload, U-Boot container.

Which One Should You Use?

So a Rule of thumb: If your bootloader supports bootz, use zImage and skip mkimage entirely. If it doesn’t, you’re on old U-Boot and you need a uImage.